Nuclear scientists take leap towards fusion power as they test revolutionary new 15MILLION degrees celsius energy generator

• The Tokomak reactor hit 15 million°C (59 million°F) at a facility in Oxfordshire
• A ball of plasma flashed hotter than the centre of the sun reigniting hopes
• This power could supply the UK grid with fusion energy by as soon as 2030 

  A British nuclear fusion reactor has reached temperatures hotter than the centre of the sun in a test that marks a key step toward limitless clean energy last summer.

  The Tokomak reactor hit 15 million°C (59 million°F) at a facility in Oxfordshire as part of preparations to supply the UK grid with fusion power by 2030.

  One ball of plasma had flashed hotter than the centre of the sun reigniting hopes of a breakthrough that physicists have dreamed of for more than 50 years: nuclear fusion.

  

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  A British nuclear fusion reactor has reached temperatures hotter than the centre of the sun in a test that marks a key step toward limitless clean energy. Pictured is the reactor at the Tokomak Enegery facility in Milton, Oxfordshire

  The difference between this project and a history of false fusion dawns is that it was not run by the government but by a company called Tokamak Energy.

  A few miles from its laboratory is a company called First Light Fusion, which next year plans to create the densest substance on Earth.

  Both are part of a wave of fusion start-ups that aim to succeed where the state has failed.

  Nuclear fusion is the process that powers the sun. It involves hydrogen atoms joining to make helium, releasing large amounts of energy but little radiation.

  

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  One ball of plasma had flashed hotter than the centre of the sun reigniting hopes of a breakthrough that physicists have dreamed of for more than 50 years: nuclear fusion

  

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  The Tokomak reactor heated a gas to 15 million degrees centigrade (59 million °F) at a facility in Oxfordshire as part of preparations to supply the UK grid with fusion power by 2030. This image shows the high-energy gas, known as plasma, inside the ST40 reactor

  HOW DOES FUSION POWER WORK?

  Fusion involves placing hydrogen atoms under high heat and pressure until they fuse into helium atoms.

  When deuterium and tritium nuclei – which can be found in hydrogen – fuse, they form a helium nucleus, a neutron and a lot of energy.

  This is down by heating the fuel to temperatures in excess of 150 million°C, forming a hot plasma. 

  Strong magnetic fields are used to keep the plasma away from the walls so that it doesn’t cool down and lost it energy potential.

  These are produced by superconducting coils surrounding the vessel, and by an electrical current driven through the plasma. 

  For energy production. plasma has to be confined for a sufficiently long period for fusion to occur.

  If fusion power can be made to work on Earth it will offer clean power as plentiful as the oceans. However, it has never been made economical.

  The most advanced state-funded project, called Iter, in the south of France, has Small town was hottest place in solar system Tom Whipple Science Editor been beset by rising costs and delays.

  For many, the old joke about fusion still holds true: for the past 30 years it has always been 30 years away.

  Jonathan Carling, chief executive of Tokamak Energy, said that it was time for others to try — and serious investors agree. Tokamak is backed by Legal & General and the British hedge-fund billionaire David Harding. ‘Because we are privately funded we can be more agile,’ Mr Carling said.

  His plan is based on similar ideas to Iter, using superconducting magnets to hold a superheated plasma in position.

  However, he said that the devices his company used were smaller and cheaper.

  Nick Hawker, co-founder of First Light Fusion, said that his company’s project also demonstrated the virtues of the private sector.

  He said that it was trying to create a different kind of fusion, firing projectiles at a target to create an instant of huge pressure and heat.

  

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  Researchers at Tokomak Energy are attempting to build an affordable fusion reactor that turns hydrogen into cost-effective green energy. The reactor used in the latest test is called ST40 (pictured), the third machine in a five-stage plan to achieve abundant, clean fusion energy

  Both say that they can have demonstration devices by 2025.

  Tokamak aims to be feeding electricity into the grid by 2030. The private sector has achieved at least one thing, then: fusion has gone from being always 30 years away, to only ten.

  Video playing bottom right…

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  WHAT IS A TOKAMAK?

  The tokamak is the most developed magnetic confinement system and is the basis for the design of fusion reactors.

  Plasma is contained in a vacuum vessel, which is then heated by driving a current through it.

  A combination of two sets of magnetic coils creates a field in both vertical and horizontal directions, acting as a magnetic ‘cage’ to hold and shape the plasma.

  The heating provided by the plasma current supplies a third of the 100 million°C temperature required to make fusion occur.

  

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  The tokamak is the most developed magnetic confinement system and is the basis for the design of fusion reactors. An illustration of the massive ITER device is shown

  Additional plasma heating is provided when neutral hydrogen atoms are injected at high speed into the plasma, ionized and trapped by the magnetic field.

  As they are slowed down, they transfer their energy to the plasma and heat it.

  High-frequency currents are also induced in the plasma by external coils.

  The frequencies are chosen to match regions where the energy absorption is very high.

  In this way, large amounts of power may be transferred to the plasma.